words

Act

Recruitment – Rekruttering

Transport – Transport

Transfer – Overføre

Harbouring – Husing

Reciept of person – mottak av person

Means

Threat or use of force – Trussel eller bruk av makt

Coercion – Tvang

Abduction – Bortføring

Fraud – Svindel

Deception – Bedrag

Abuse of power or vulnerability – maktmisbruk eller sårbarhet

Purpose

Exploitation, including – Utnyttelse, Inkludert

Prostitution of others - andres prostitusjon

Sexual exploitation – seksuell utnytting

Forced labour – Tvangsarbeid

Slavery or similar – slaveri eller lignende 

The transfer Market

Transfer market  

The transfer market first came into existence in England after The Football Association started to register players in 1885. Before that, a player could play for any club he wanted to whenever he wanted. There was no such thing as a contract as we have today that binds a player to a club. So, when The The Football Association started to register players in 1885, players were not allowed to play for another club during the same season. The players however, were free to join another club before the start of each season, even if their former club wished to retain them.

Today, the transfer market is slightly different. One of the last changes is the transfer window. The transfer window came in 2002 and was created to stop the confusion that had followed Bosman (an earlier change in the transfer market). So from 2002 to the present day, most leagues around Europe have two ‘’windows’’ in which players may be purchased. The windows are from 1 July to 31 of August and the whole January. Players without a contract are free to join a club whenever they want to. (Wikipedia, 2015)

Despite all the changes in the transfer market, the biggest one is the money. Football has become so popular that rich people that own billion dollar companies buy fotball clubs and then invest big money in the club. This has resulted in higher salaries for the players and huge transfers fees. Clubs also make huge money from TV- Deals, sponsors, selling fotball jerseys and match day tickets.

              

A Transfer, step by step

 Completing a transfer can be a lot of work and it can take a long time. There are so many things that have to be approved, written and done by both clubs that are involved in the transfer. Scouting, the bid and the medical test are three important steps in transfer, and they will be looked more closely at in the following paragraphs:

1. Scouting

When you are going to buy a player worth millions of dollars, you want to make sure that he is the right one. Football scouting is an evolving industry. The days where managers had to buy players by instinctive judgements from the stands, are now over. Most clubs nowadays use computer programmes, such as Scout7, to gather detailed statistical analyses of players. Scouts in the field now spend almost as much time gathering information off the field as they do watching a player on it, Speaking to their agents and making relationships with their families to stay a step ahead of their rivals. Few people know, but the transfer market is more competitive than most industries.

2. The Bid

 The next step in a transfer is the transfer or loan offer. There are a few different ways to make this offer, so I am going to explain two of them:

• The most obvious way is for the buying club to submit a formal written offer for a player, seemingly by fax. The selling club will then consider this offer

• Another common way is if the club have a trusted agent that can act on their behalf, in either finding an available player from another club, or finding a buyer for their own unwanted player.

3. The medical test

The finishing terms in the deal are the medical, and for some players, the work permit. The medical test at top-level clubs is very strict, and is usually done at the clubs' training ground. As mentioned earlier in the text, the transfer market has a ‘’time limit’’ also known as the transfer window. This makes clubs to take gambles on players if they are running out of time. Liverpool, for example, signed Andy Carrol in the end of the January window while the striker was injured, and not able to take the medical test. In other words, a medical test is not required. (Transfer steps, 2015)

Transfer money

As mentioned above in the text, ‘’ Despite all the changes in the transfer market, the biggest one is the money.’’ In many ways, money has changed the football, both off the field and on it. You may well be thinking who gets paid from a football transfer? Every transfer can be very different as to who gets paid and how much. Unbeknown, there may be far more parties involved when it comes to the successful transfer of a professional player. So who can potentially be rewarded as part of a football player transfer?

1.  Selling Club (transfer fee)
2.  Player (signing on fee)
3.  Former Clubs (compensation payments)
4.  Selling Club’s Agents
5.  Buying Club’s Agents
6.  Player’s Agents

The biggest part of the money will of course go to the selling club, after that you have the player that is being sold who gets a share of the money if it says so in the contract.

Many of the biggest football stars in the world come from small clubs, so when they wrote their first professional contract the small clubs often demanded that they got a share of the money in a future transfer. Therefore, former clubs often get a share of the transfer fee.

‘’How much does the agents get’’ is a question many people ask, and this depends on how much they are involved in the transfer. Both the buying club, the selling club and the player have an agent to represent themselves, and some of them receive a pre-agreed sum, others get a share of the transfer fee. It all depends on what is in the contract.  (fifafotballagent.com, 2015)

Rank	Player	From	To	Transfer Fee (M £)	Transfer Fee (M €)	Year
1–2	Gareth Bale	Tottenham Hotspur	Real Madrid	£78–85.3	€91–100	2013
1–2	Cristiano Ronaldo	Manchester United	Real Madrid	£80	€94.4	2009
3	Luis Suárez	Liverpool	Barcelona	£75	€94	2014
4	James Rodríguez	AS Monaco	Real Madrid	£63	€79.5	2014
T-5	Ángel Di María	Real Madrid	Manchester United	£59.7	€75	2014
T-5	Zinedine Zidane	Juventus	Real Madrid	£46	€75	2001
7 1	Zlatan Ibrahimović	Inter	Barcelona	£59	€69	2009
8	Kaká	Milan	Real Madrid	£56	€65	2009
9	Edinson Cavani	Napoli	Paris Saint-Germain	£55	€64	2013
10	David Luiz	Chelsea	Paris Saint-Germain	£50	€62.6	2014

List of most expensive football transfers.

The owners

Owners of football clubs have been around for a very long time, but whereas in the past the amount of money these people had to invest to buy their clubs is small fry compared to what the present day owners have to do. Today it is required to be a billionaire rather than a millionaire to have a chance to buy a club at the highest level. Some clubs have fan-ownerships (shareholders), in other words this means fans from all over the world can buy a small share of the club. Fan-ownership are very popular in England combined with another rich owner. This gives the clubs financial sustainability.

Having rich owners brings pressure for success from many quarters. Owners and shareholders are looking for a return on their investment; managers and players risk losing their jobs if they fail to progress, but one of the biggest sources of pressure will always come from the fans who feel they deserve success.

Football has become a business, but like any other business there is no guarantee that it will be successful if the investment is not forthcoming. (Thenewshub.com, 2015)

Summary

In just a few years, football has changed enormously. In addition, it is not just the money, but the football generally. The players, managers, football shoes, balls etc. everything has changed for the better, and it will keep changing for the better. In 20 years from now, the transfer fees will probably be higher, salaries will be bigger and the clubs will be more stable economically. 

Football as a sport has changed from a sport to a business. People make money on football, and not just the players, managers, staff etc. There are so many parts involved in today’s football, and this will just keep growing, just as the price of players in football will keep growing. This means that owners will have to dig deeper in their wallets, and higher transfer fees will be made.

Sources

fifafotballagent.com. (2015, 03 15). Hentet fra fifafotballagent.com: http://www.fifafootballagent.co.uk/wpb/2011/01/31/football-transfer-who-profits/

Thenewshub.com. (2015, 03 15). Hentet fra thenewshub.com: https://www.the-newshub.com/football/impact-of-owners-in-football-clubs

Transfer steps. (2015, 03 15). Hentet fra Transfer steps: http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/how-transfer-deals-really-work-8541712

Wikipedia. (2015, 03 11). Hentet fra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_%28association_football%29

Being an immigrant

Have you ever thought about being an immigrant? Having to adapt to a new environment, a new culture and a new life. It can be thousands of different reasons for immigrants to move from their own country. Better education, better jobs, war, political reasons, natural disasters, etc. However, many immigrants have several jobs and they still do not have enough money to pay the bills and support their family. No one said it was easy leaving a life to build a new one in a different country. It’s been made several short stories, books and movies to show how immigrants live and problems they meet. I have watched ‘’The Reluctant Fundamentalist’’ and read an extract from the novel Honour by Elif Shafak to get a better view of how it can be.

Having read the extract from the novel Honour by Elif Shafak I am starting to believe that immigrants have a strong wish that people could look at them and think of them as they think of everybody else. As written in the extract, Iskendar Toprak says ‘’but people like us would always be outsiders. We Topraks were only passers-by in this city – a half-Turkish, half-Kurdish family in the wrong end of London.’’ These sentences gives me an idea of what Iskendar as an immigrant think that everybody else thinks of him and his family. This probably seems like a small problem for many people, but if you try putting yourself in a situation where people look at you like ‘’you are not from here’’ or ‘’you don’t belong here’’ I think you will understand how annoying it can be from time to times.

When I think about the movie we watched that is called The Reluctant Fundamentalist  I mostly think about Changez that in the movie is from Pakistan. Changes who was like any other American, was a respected man in the society with a good job in New York. That was before 9/11. When the tragic terrorist attack against New York happened, people became more aware of Islamic immigrants. Changes who is from Pakistan then starts to notice a change in his public treatment. I remember one incident in the movie where the changes in his public treatment appear clearly. Changes are going on a business trip with some of his colleagues when the police at the airport stops him, and only him. Changes then have to go to a room and strip naked in front of two cops only because they have to check him. That would never happen before 9/11.

Comparing the extract from the novel Honour and the movie The Reluctant Fundamentalist, I think that the movie and the extract reveals that immigrants don’t like to be treated differently just because of where they come from and what they believe in. It also reveals that being an immigrant can be very hard and challenging sometimes. As I said earlier in the text, having to adapt to a new environment, a new culture and a new life can’t be easy for anyone.

Presentation

English is a world language and is used all over the world. I looked into three different countries to hear how they speak English and what effect their first language has on their English. I choose to talk about Scottish English, Tinglish which is from Thailand and South African English.

Tinglish

-Tinglish or Thaiglish is the unfinished form of English produced by native Thai speakers translated from their first language. The difference from native English is different pronunciation and unusual word choices. Examples of this is that they say Open/close the lights instead of turn on/off the lights and they say I very like it instead of I really like it. They also have some different particles so they say Khun instead of Mr or miss, so they could say: ‘’Khun Gøran will have a meeting on Friday’’. They also have some different final particles in sentences, for example they say ‘’la’’ when they are giving a suggestion or informing the listener of something like: I am going to bed ‘’la’’, ore why don’t you ask her ‘’la’’?

Pronouncing some sounds in English simply do not exist in Thai language,this affects the way native Thai speakers pronounce English words, so it is notalways so easy to understand their English.

Scottish English

-Scottish English is a language used by the scots. Scottish English is more like a dialect for the scots and is mostly used in more formal situations or situations talking with individuals of a higher status. The dialect can be very hard to understand, even for English speakers. Scottish English has some special words and sentences where you almost have to be a scot to understand it. For example, they say ‘’what a dreich day!’’ Meaning ‘’what a miserable overcast day’’, but these are more likely to occur in a spoken conversations.

South African English

-South African English is the dialect spoken by South Africans and is very influenced by Afrikaans. It also have some similarities with the Dutch language. One of the most noticeable traits of South African English is the strong tendency to use the African word ‘’Ja’’ in almost every situation where a normal English speaker would say ‘’Yes’’ ore ‘’Yeah’’.

This is mostly understood and accepted, but is incorrect to be used in a formal situation like in a court or a job interview.

Comparing

- Comparing these three English dialects, I think that for many countries, Scottish English is probably the hardest to understand in a conversation because of their special dialect. I also think that Tinglish and South African English is more similar with a dialect that reminds me of Indian English. They also have a special way of formulating their sentences.